Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Human Rights - Essay Example Research by universal human rights associations have portrayed the most noticeably terrible types of work misuse and dehumanization among low pay workers like household and development laborers in the United Arab Emirates. For instance, the most noticeably terrible type of misuse is the â€Å"Kafala† sponsorship program that gives patrons and managers position to decide the immigrants’ lawful living arrangement (Chalcraft, 2011). As indicated by Sonnez, Apostolopoulos, Tran and Rentrope (2011), managers are given the position to control transient specialists pay, day to day environments, and capacity to recharge or end their agreements regardless of the country’s work laws. Another type of human right infringement is obligation servitude and appropriation of identifications since vagrant laborers have been charged high enrollment expenses by their home organizations. Infringement comes in light of the fact that the transients are guaranteed significant compensations yet on appearance they compensation are excessively low extending from $175 to $220 every month. A report by Human Rights Watch (2012) demonstrates that development laborers live in insensitive conditions, with eight to ten workers sharing a room as a result of neediness and obligation. For example, they were required to work for over 12 hours out of each day with not very many earns back the original investment under extraordinary warmth of the day (Exploited Workers Building Island of Happiness, 2009). The poor wages and expanded instances of misuse flourish in view of the world of politics which has persistently overlooked the requirement for building up trade guilds and upholding lawful activity on abusers. Absence of trade guilds limits migrants’ decisions, rights to articulation, capacity to look for equity and opportunity to move starting with one manager then onto the next comparing the circumstance to advanced bondage. These constraints have prompted expanded instances of suicides among outsiders who wind up in fixed insensitive condition. A 2009 police report showed that 113 vagrants ended it all with the most casualties originating from residential and

A Growing “Threat” to Society Essay Example for Free

A Growing â€Å"Threat† to Society Essay The Internet is one of the most impressive wellsprings of data today. In this way, it has the ability to edify, just as to delude. This twofold edged potential has transformed the Internet into the most recent road for fear based oppression. Psychological militants are presently saddling the intensity of the Internet to unleash devastation among people in general (Conway, 2002). Fear based oppressors utilize the Internet chiefly as a purposeful publicity apparatus †it is a scene wherein they expose their motivation or clarify their ideological defense without error or restriction. Starting at 2002, a larger part of the 33 gatherings considered remote psychological oppressor associations by the United States State Department had their own sites. There are additionally numerous different sites, that, in spite of not being identified with any fear based oppressor gathering, give data on the most proficient method to submit psychological oppressor exercises, for example, bomb-production. The last frequently get away from criminal indictment because of the First Amendment, which ensures the right to speak freely of discourse to the general people (Conway, 2002). The general thought of digital psychological oppression, be that as it may, isn't without conflict. For one, it is as yet not satisfactory with respect to what separates digital psychological warfare from opportunity of articulation. Additionally, there are sure Internet-related wrongdoings that can't be considered as digital fear based oppression, despite the fact that they dispense harm upon the general population. In fact, psychological oppression in itself is as of now a famously troublesome idea to characterize. The expansion of PCs to it further confuses the thought (Conway, 2002). The Internet: A New Weapon The Internet was initially expected as a methods for continuing contact in case of an atomic assault. Yet, because of its speed and accommodation, it is right now a significant scene for data, correspondence and trade. As of September 2006, there were more than 1 billion Internet clients around the world (Vatis, 2006). With only a single tick of a mouse, a business person in Germany can store assets to a ledger in Switzerland and converse with a London-based cousin up close and personal through a web camera. An understudy in California, in the interim, can pick up everything about the Great Wall of China with just a couple of keystrokes. After 9/11 It was simply after 9/11 that the very idea of digital fear mongering was really evolved. Prior to 9/11, Internet-related violations were for the most part through sending explicit email to minors, damaging site pages, taking Visa data and propelling PC infections (Conway, 2002). After 9/11, notwithstanding, US authorities understood that fear monger associations could utilize the Internet to produce more carnage (Weimann, 2004). Al-Qaeda, for example, could dispatch rockets or natural weapons to the US by just squeezing the â€Å"Enter† catch of a PC (Stohl, 2006). To a limited degree, the apprehensions of the US were all around established. In November 2000, an electronic assault was completed from Pakistan against the Washington-based genius Israeli campaigning bunch American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). Beside destroying AIPAC’s website with against Israeli editorials, the assailant in like manner took approximately 3,500 email addresses and 700 charge card numbers, sent enemy of Israeli revilement to the addresses and distributed the Visa information on the Internet. The Pakistani programmer, known by the nom de plume â€Å"Dr. Nuker,† asserted duty regarding the episode. It worked out that â€Å"Dr. Hacker† was an originator of the Pakistani Hackerz Club, an association whose goal was to â€Å"hack for the shamefulness circumventing the globe, particularly with (sic) Muslims† (Conway, 2002). The previously mentioned digital attack was not unprecedented. The Lebanese Shiite Islamic gathering Hezbollah built up its assortment of sites in 1995. At present, the gathering has three sites that can be seen in either English or Arabic †one for its press office, another to depict its assaults on Israeli targets (http://www. moqawama. television) and a third, Al-Manar TV, for news and data (http://www. manartv. com). These sites consistently give the most recent data about Hezbollah, including press articulations, political affirmations, photographs, video and sound clasps. An email address is likewise given as contact data (Conway, 2002). After 9/11, thus, government operators gave summons and court orders to pretty much every significant Internet-based organization, including America Online, MSN, Yahoo! what's more, Google. Moreover, many sites were exposed to authentic conclusion by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Included among those that were shut down were radical Internet radio shows, for example, â€Å"IRA Radio,† â€Å"Al Lewis Live† and â€Å"Our Americas. † The â€Å"jihad web ring,† an assortment of 55 jihad-related sites, lost many its locales because of pullouts by Yahoo! Lycos Europe, in the interim, made a 20-man group to channel its sites for criminal behavior and fear based oppressor related substance (Conway, 2002). Digital psychological warfare: Is There Really Such Thing? One of the most widely recognized contentions against digital psychological warfare is that it is a nonexistent danger (Lacey, 2007). As opposed to well known observation, there is an insignificant possibility that digital fear based oppressors would correct damage on guiltless individuals by assaulting corporate and administrative PC systems. As of this second, psychological oppressor associations utilize the Internet just for raising support, interchanges and publicity. There is the likelihood that psychological oppressors may utilize PCs as weaponry to a noteworthy degree, however this will â€Å"probably occur in the (removed) future† (Conway, 2002). At present, psychological militants would cause more to notice their motivation by setting off bombs as opposed to hacking bytes (Conway, 2002). Rather than getting very suspicious about digital fear based oppression, the legislature ought to rather concentrate on wiping out digital assaults against organizations. Starting at July 2002, programmers had effectively propelled at any rate 180,000 Internet assaults against in excess of 400 open, private, legislative and non-benefit associations. The brunt of these assaults fell on the force and vitality ventures, just as on the innovation and budgetary administrations. Whenever left unchecked, these digital assaults would be exceptionally unfavorable to shoppers †so as to compensate for their misfortunes to programmers, proprietors of the previously mentioned ventures should raise the costs of their items and administrations (Fishman, Jospehberg, Linn, Pollack, Victoriano, 2002). End Paranoia over digital psychological warfare is hazardous. Beside occupying consideration from increasingly genuine wrongdoings, for example, digital assaults, it damages social liberties and freedoms. Under the appearance of â€Å"fighting terrorism,† even sites whose solitary wrongdoing was to communicate radical thoughts were shut down. While it is the obligation of the state to shield its constituents from peril, doing so ought not encroach their unavoidable rights. The facts confirm that psychological oppression may go to the internet later on so as to spread considerably more dread and carnage. In any case, before the administration surges out to wipe out â€Å"cyber-terrorists,† it should initially have an obvious idea of what establishes digital psychological warfare and what makes a digital fear based oppressor. Something else, the legislature will wind up more regrettable than the psychological oppressors that it expects to dispose of. References Conway, M. (2002). What is Cyberterrorism? Current History, 101, 436-442. Recovered October 17, 2008 from Academic Research Library. Fishman, R. M. , Josephberg, K. , Linn, J. , Pollack, J. , Victoriano, J. (2002). Danger of International Cyberterrorism on the Rise. Licensed innovation Technology Law Journal, 14, 23. Recovered October 17, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global. Lacey, D. ComputerWeekly. com. (2007, April 29). How Real is the Threat of Cyber Terrorism? Recovered October 17, 2008, from http://www. computerweekly. com/sites/david_lacey/2007/04/ how_real_is_the_threat_of_cybe. html Stohl, M. (2006). Digital Terrorism: A Clear and Present Danger, the Sum of All Fears, Breaking Point or Patriot Games? Wrongdoing Law Soc Change, 46, 223-238. Recovered October 17, 2008 from SpringerLink. Vatis, M. (2006). The Next Battlefield: The Reality of Virtual Threats. Harvard International Review, 28, 56-61. Recovered October 17, 2008 from ABI/INFORM Global. Weimann, G. US Institute of Peace. (2004, December). Cyberterrorism: How Real Is the Threat? Recovered October 17, 2008, from http://www. usip. organization/bars/specialreports/sr119. html#threat

Photography - Free Essay Example

In the past, you had to be very patient as a digital photographer. If you wanted to catch something spectacular you had to carry your camera with you everywhere until you saw something special. To capture a sunrise you had to get up at the crack of dawn. Models had to spend hours in the makeup room and studios had to be well lit. Everything I just mentioned changed instantly with the invention of Photoshop. Photoshop has changed the history of digital photography. Nowadays, when you look at an amazing photo or image your first impression is still â€Å"wow† but your immediate second thought is â€Å"that has to be photoshopped†. When you think of the history of Photoshop and everything it did to change the game, it’s pretty insane. It changed the way we see the world, the most significant effect Photoshop has had on us is how we see our world. Digital artists and manipulators know how to take an ordinary photograph and turn it into something completely different and extraordinary. Images that are photoshopped really have me doubting reality sometimes. Whether they have to do with people, places, or things, you can’t argue with the creativity and time that goes into some of these images. They give you a new perspective on the world. It also changed the way we view history Aside from the historical significance of digital photography, Photoshop has changed the way we view history in general. Historical photographs can be photoshopped just as easily as any other image, which leaves you wondering if you are viewing a historical painting or a modern piece of Photoshop art. How We Advertise I bet you were wondering when I was going to get to this part. If you happen to pass by the bulletin boards, you would see amazing publicities for example the HASA, Hinugyaw 2010, and Fashion Rocks December. All of these were made by an amazing artist using photoshop. Advertising has changed forever due to image manipulation. You can’t look through a magazine without seeing dozens of photoshopped ads. Think about what this means. To me, this says that companies that used to run text ads or had to hire a photographer to take their photos can now just pay someone to make their ad on a Mac or PC. Photoshop has changed advertising and business as a whole. It definitely changed the way we view the human form. Photoshop has also changed our image of what the perfect person looks like. With models and celebrities – most notably – we have seen Photoshop go into every magazine cover and spread in modern existence. One of the uses of photoshop is erasing blemishes. Here’s a pic of a person with blemishes and it’ll only take a few clicks of the clone stamp and blur tools to erase some if not all of them. Photoshop has been turning fantasies to reality with just clicks. Aside from all the real world examples of Photoshop history, images are constantly created to invoke our imagination. When you look at one of these pieces of art you are able to visualize the artist’s dreams and fantasies. What did people do before this? In conclusion, there are many ways I’ve noticed that Photoshop has changed the history of a digital photograph. There’s got to be more but these things just don’t jump out at me anymore due to the norms I’m accustomed to in the Photoshop era. What do you think about Photoshop? Has it affected your life in some way just like what it did to me?

Political Philosophy and Paine Essay example - 1568 Words

Jesus Chaveste HIST 1301 Dr. Olivares September 7, 2013 Thomas Paine Questions 1. Why do you think Thomas Paine writes Common Sense anonymously? How does he think his work will be remembered? Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense anonymously because the ideas he used in writing the book were contradicting the government at that time. If the government knew that he wrote it then they will take action against him to punish him. He probably thought that his work would remain as something memorable such as it was only there to raise the spirit of the colonist to fight back and to stand up against the government. 2. According to Paine, what is the difference between society and government? Paine states that society and government are†¦show more content†¦6. What is the view of Gideon that Paine uses as an example? As the exalting one man so greatly above the rest cannot be justified on the equal rights of nature, so neither can it be defended on the authority of scripture; for the will of the Almighty (Gideon). From this quote of Gideon, we can assume Gideons point of views. He thinks that all men are equal and no one man can be above the rest. He also thinks that only God can rule over people. 7. What does Paine think that America will gain by separating from England? According to Paine, America will gain by separating from England is that it would not get contaminated by the monarchy he has been criticizing. Then, America will gain wealth and most importantly it will gain independence. 8.Describe Thomas Paines life and background, including where he is originally from and what his reputation was before, during, and after writing Common Sense. On January 29, 1737, Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England. 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The Privacy Invasion of Consumers Through the Internet...

The Privacy Invasion of Consumers Through the Internet and Bluetooth Devices ABSTRACT Faster, easier, and cheaper access to a plethora of information, products and people is a primary stimulus for the growing number of online consumers who use the Internet to fulfill information foraging, communication and commerce needs. Oddly enough, these conveniences appear to override users concerns of privacy invasion. As the mechanisms behind information technologies become increasingly transparent, users must trust the companies producing the products to protect them from privacy invasion and refrain from deceitful consumer information practices. Should consumers continue to put faith in companies who may be more concerned about†¦show more content†¦In 1998, the Federal Trade Commission determined that very few companies were divulging their usage of consumers’ personal data (Labalme â€Å"Fair Information Practices†). In an effort to encourage fair information practices, the FTC created guidelines for company privacy policies (â€Å"Enforcing Privacy Promises†). The guidelines, known as the Fair Information Practice Principles urge companies to clearly define the following: the company’s information practices; the consumer’s option to accept, decline, or specify usage of personal information; the consumer’s right to access personal data collected; the company’s affirmation of data accuracy and security; and the company’s intent to enforce the privacy policy (Labalme â€Å"Fair Information Practices†). As a result of the industry’s failure to adhere to the FIPP guidelines, the FTC urged Congress to create laws protecting privacy rights of consumers. Siding with corporate capitalists in favor of industry self-regulation, Congress declined to help. 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Analysis of Barclays Bank in Business Environment

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Barclays Bank in Business Environment. Answer: With major mergers and acquisitions of a number of Quaker banks, Barclays entered into the investment banking forum. In the view point of Pearl and Rosenbaum (2013), entrant of new companies in the market is good for competition but with the increasing entry of investment banks in US, Barclays failed to match the pace and intense competition of the market and had to face critical issues. Barclay had to face great difficulty in combining the conventional and investment banking coherent model. The Bank was also pointed out towards mis-selling of payment protection insurance by major retail banks and misleading of inter-banking lending rate generated claims of practicing unfair means of profit (Johnson et al. 2013). This action drew great attention and criticism of public that ultimately caused trouble to the Bank. Failed to meet organizational culture: There was a change in the management of the Bank as well. The new CEO was not capable enough to comply with the organizational culture. The newly made CEO was an investment banker and a major deal maker who possessed unimaginable talent but could not meet the expectations of the employees working in the organization. In other words, the managerial quality of the new CEO could not match the psychological perspectives of the employees (Johnson et al. 2013). No investment or positive efforts were made towards improving the culture of the organization that ultimately resulted in slow degradation of the Bank. Paying bonuses after financial crisis in 2010-2011: The most crucial issue and crisis faced by the Bank were related to the problems that attributed to the bonus culture of the Bank. As commented by Cetorelli and Goldberg (2012), Barclays continued to pay high amount of money as bonus in spite of the continuous financial crisis in 2008-09. The problem related to the issue was that the Stakeholders of the organization had to compensate or subsidize this payment. This created a great havoc in the regular business operation of the Bank. It was claimed that major employees of the Bank cannot be driven by money and that paying the bonus to the employees was something unusual that the stakeholders have to ultimately subsidize from their profit margin (Claessens and Van Horen 2015). Therefore, this issue created a crucial issue for the organization. In the recent state of globalization, coming up with a business model and following the same as the business strategy to operate in the highly competitive market is indeed important as well as necessary. In case, if an organization fails to undertake proper precautionary actions against the issues and major challenges then there remained critical chances of the survival of the organization in the market. Reference list: Cetorelli, N. and Goldberg, L.S., 2012. Banking globalization and monetary transmission.The Journal of Finance,67(5), pp.1811-1843. Claessens, S. and Van Horen, N., 2015. The impact of the global financial crisis on banking globalization.IMF Economic Review,63(4), pp.868-918. Johnson, G., Whittington, R., Scholes, K., Angwin, D. and RegnÃ… ½r, P., 2013.Exploring Strategy Text Cases. Pearson Higher Ed. Pearl, J. and Rosenbaum, J., 2013.Investment banking: valuation, leveraged buyouts, and mergers and acquisitions. John Wiley Sons.

Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare Essays -

Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare The Taming Of The Shrew by William Shakespeare isprobably one of Shakespeare's earliest comedies. Its plot is derived from the popular 'war of the sexes' theme in which males and females are pitted against one another for dominance in marriage. The play begins with an induction inwhich a drunkard, Christopher Sly, is fooled into believing he is a king and has a play performed for him. The play hewatches is what constitutes the main body of The Taming OfThe Shrew. In it, a wealthy land owner, Baptista Minola, attempts to have his two daughters married. One is veryshrewish, Katherine, while the other is the beautiful and gentle Bianca. In order to ensure Katherine is married, Baptista disallows Bianca to be espoused until Katherine is wed, forcing the many suitors to Bianca to find a mate for Katherine in order for them to vie for Bianca's love. Many critics of the play condemn it for the blatant sexist attitude it has toward women but closer examination of the play and the intricacies of its structure reveal that it is not merely a story of how men should 'put women in their place'. The play is, in fact, a comedy about an assertive woman coping with how she is expected to act in the society of the late sixteenth century and of how one must obey the unwritten rules of a society to be accepted in it. Although the play ends with her outwardly conforming to the norms of society, this is in action only, not in mind. Although she assumes the role of the obedient wife, inwardly she still retains her assertiveness. Most of the play's humour comes from the way in which characters create false realities by disguising themselves as other people, a device first introduced in the induction. Initially this is accomplished by having Christopher Sly believe he is someone he is not and then by having the main play performed for him. By putting The Taming Of The Shrew in a 'play within a play' structure, Shakespeare immediately lets the audience know that the play is not real thus making all events in the play false realities. Almost all characters in the play take on dentities other than their own at some point of time during the play. Sly as a king, Tranio as Lucentio, Lucentio as Cambio, Hortensio as Litio and the pedant as Vicentio are all examples of this. Another example of this is Katherine as an obedient wife. In The Taming Of The Shrew, courtship and marriage are not so much the result of love but rather an institution of society that people are expected to take part in. As a result of the removal of romance from marriage, suitors are judged, not by their love for a woman, but by how well they can provide for her. All suitors compare the dowry each can bring to the marriage and the one with the most to offer 'wins' the woman's hand in marriage. This competition for marriage is like a game to the characters of the play. While discussing the courtship of Bianca with Gremio, Hortensio says He that runs fastest gets\ The ring (Act I, scene i, l. 140-141) likening receiving permission to wed Bianca to winning a race. In the game, however, women are treated like objects that can be bought and sold rather than as human beings. This is expected since the society is a patriarchal one. For example, Lucentio, Tranio and Petruchio are all defined with reference to their fathers and all the elderly authority figures, like Baptista and Vicentio, are men. The taming of Katherine is not a women's shrewishness being cured as much as it is a woman being taught the rules of the 'patriarchal game'. Katherine has learned how to be assertive and with this knowledge is able to control men, and a woman controlling a man is considered 'against the rules' of the game. The play ends with Katherine proving that she is truly cured of her 'shrewishness' and is the most obedient of the three newlywed wives at the end of the play. This is demonstrated in her soliloquy when she lectures the other wives on the proper way in which a woman should behave:I am ashamed

Free Essays on The Phoenicians

The Phoenicians were a very intelligent culture they developed the alphabet, they were excellent ship builders, they also traded with many other cultures such as the Greek (which is where cultural diffusion took place and the Greeks adopted the alphabet but added the important vowels the Phoenicians left out. The Phoenicians also spoke a dialect and used coin money. The Phoenicians were very good wood and metal workers. They made and used furniture, metal work, and especially glassware. The Phoenicians were also well known for their purple dye known as â€Å"Tyrian Purple.† They had an excellent navy and used the stars to navigate. They controlled many city-states and eventually sailed North to Spain, Ireland, and England. There was a huge demand for metals such as gold, silver, copper, tin, and nickel. They would also make things like bronze and iron. The Phoenicians also possessed the skill of dentistry, which is evident by the fine braces on a lower jaw of a skull. In Massachusetts and Iowa there are Punic inscriptions that prove the Phoenicians had reached North America in BC. The Phoenician language is actually still spoken today in Malta. The Phoenicians also had a government. The first parliament ever in the Middle East met in the Phoenician confederate city of Tripoli. The Phoenicians were very peaceful though they enjoyed things such as art and explored North, South, East and west of because they loved adventure. They were one of strongest civilizations though because of their excellent navy. They united various races and many through friendly links, through this method they softened them and humanized them.... Free Essays on The Phoenicians Free Essays on The Phoenicians The Phoenicians were a very intelligent culture they developed the alphabet, they were excellent ship builders, they also traded with many other cultures such as the Greek (which is where cultural diffusion took place and the Greeks adopted the alphabet but added the important vowels the Phoenicians left out. The Phoenicians also spoke a dialect and used coin money. The Phoenicians were very good wood and metal workers. They made and used furniture, metal work, and especially glassware. The Phoenicians were also well known for their purple dye known as â€Å"Tyrian Purple.† They had an excellent navy and used the stars to navigate. They controlled many city-states and eventually sailed North to Spain, Ireland, and England. There was a huge demand for metals such as gold, silver, copper, tin, and nickel. They would also make things like bronze and iron. The Phoenicians also possessed the skill of dentistry, which is evident by the fine braces on a lower jaw of a skull. In Massachusetts and Iowa there are Punic inscriptions that prove the Phoenicians had reached North America in BC. The Phoenician language is actually still spoken today in Malta. The Phoenicians also had a government. The first parliament ever in the Middle East met in the Phoenician confederate city of Tripoli. The Phoenicians were very peaceful though they enjoyed things such as art and explored North, South, East and west of because they loved adventure. They were one of strongest civilizations though because of their excellent navy. They united various races and many through friendly links, through this method they softened them and humanized them....

Boeing’s e-enabled advantage Essay Example for Free

Boeing’s e-enabled advantage Essay The Boeing Company is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William E. Boeing in 1916 in Seattle, Washington. In 2004, it became one of the United State’s largest manufacturers with nearly 160, 000 employees and a net income of $1. 87 billion. It was the world’s largest aerospace company and for decades, had dominated the world’s commercial aviation market. THEIR STRATEGY Their main strategy was to streamline their core processes and to diversify. In streamlining their core processes, Boeing adopted simpler procedures for configuring aircraft to specifications, scheduling, ordering parts and managing inventory. They also diversified and entered into other markets, becoming more agile geographically and becoming less dependent on the highly cycled commercial jetliner market. They also integrated defense systems, Capital Corporation and the commercial airlines. HOW I. T. FACTORED INTO THAT In launching the aforementioned integration and innovative technologies, Boeing needed high end Information Technology expertise. That helped them launch a couple of websites including MyBoeingFleet. com. They also launched the Boeing Connexion and the Airplane Health Management (AHM). They went further and took great strides to understand both the airlines and the airline customers and integrate their business processes with Information Technology. This helped them provide broader services and is the main source of the e-enabled technology mentioned in the case study. This helped them plan and prioritize current and future processes effectively. THE MARKET Their market initially was the United States military which drove their technology but later grew to include commercial airliners. Their commercial airline market rapidly grew to 60% of the market world over and they appeared to have reached the pinnacle of the corporate might. As this happened, the only direction Boeing seemed to be headed was downward due to the emergence of big competitors. THEIR COMPETITION In the commercial airliner, Airbus seemed to be their biggest competition but because of all the technologies they integrated into their business, it was competing in segmented markets against industry giants like Oracle, IBM and Accenture as well as Garmin International and Aero Exchange International but their visionary leadership and their willingness to invest in technology sees them come out on top. THEIR WEAKNESS One of the main weaknesses of Boeing was their inablitiy to meet delivery schedules for airlines. Some airplanes they manufactured were also said to be inefficient but that did not stop them from producing more of those aircrafts which led to the belief that they are out of touch with their customers. Also, their frequent change of leadership could be considered a weakness as that makes them frequently go back to the drawing board to re-strategize. Boeing’s e-enabled advantage. (2016, Aug 07).

Market imperfections and failures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Market imperfections and failures - Assignment Example Imperfect competition in the market generates asymmetric information and dampens the level of welfare in the society. Discriminations made by the monopolists in the market not only hamper the social utility, but also engages in misallocation of resources. Efficient allocation of productive resources helps to the economy to reach a Pareto optimal stage. However, in the real world, corruption and strategic business initiatives of certain firms in the industry have reduced the level of competition in the economies of most of the nations (BIS, 2013). Public authorities of the countries are now taking active initiatives to augment the level of market competition in the economies (CIA, 2013). The Competition Law or Policy adopted by a country helps to promote the level of market competition by imposing special rules and regulations on the anti-competitive practices conducted by the contemporary corporate firms. This paper would focus on the Competition Policy of U.K and would show how the objectives of the policies are related to the microeconomic theories of market. The learnt from this paper would help to analyze the negative impacts on an economy due to the lack of proper market competition (Hubbard, 2008). ... to protect the interests of the consumers in the country (Mankiw and Mark, 2006). The two main factors that were checked by this law were: Abuse of Market Power Collusive Behaviour The first competitive policy instruments in U.K were introduced about fifty years ago. The Department of Trade and Industry, The Director General of Fair Trade and the Competition Commission of the country had introduced their first competitive policy instruments (Woodford, 2001). Over time, subject to the external changes in the market, the terms and conditions of the policy have largely changed in U.K. Finally, in 1988, the Competition Act was again modified and adopted as the approach of ‘prohibition’ to prevent dominance in the marketplaces of U.K (Manne, 2012). Objectives The primary objectives of the Competition Policy in U.K were: 1. The Policy was the basis for the concepts of the Fair Trade Act 1973. Thus, one of its objectives was to serve the interests of the public (Assael, 2005). 2. The Policy aimed at providing guidance and constraints to the discretionary power of the ‘decision makers’ in the market. 3. It aimed to promote and maintain the market competition. 4. To assure that consumers received quality products at a good price. 5. To augment innovation and productive efficiency in the market. 6. Assure balanced distribution of employment and industry in U.K. 7. To enhance the competitive powers of the domestic companies of U.K. in order to easily compete with the foreign companies (OECD, 2002). Objectives Relating to Microeconomic Theories This context of the paper would highlight that the goals or the objects of the Competition Policy introduced by U.K. are based on the theories of microeconomics, which

Analysis of Federal Courts Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Federal Courts - Article Example U.S. Magistrate Judge. Magistrate Judges are appointed to assist the U.S. District Judges with their court duties. They are authorized by the U.S. law of Title 28 of the United States Code. (Magistrate Judgeship, 2011) U.S. District Courts. District courts are the general courts in the United States federal court structure that accommodate both civil and criminal cases. Known to be the court of law, court of equity, and court of admiralty. (United States Courts, 2011) U.S. Courts of Appeal. Court of Appeals is the courts that have the power and influence for intermediate appellate of decided court cases. This is also known as circuit courts. (United States Courts, 2011) U.S. Supreme Court. Supreme Court is nevertheless the highest court in the United States. This court has the ultimate appellate jurisdiction through the entire states and federal courts. This is also regarded as the court of the last resort. (United States Courts, 2011) Specialized Courts. Specialized courts are courts that possess entitlement of jurisdiction of the specified cases such as the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, the U.S. Court of International Trade, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and the U.S. Tax Court. (Gale, 2011) Federal Judicial Administration. The federal judicial administration is smaller than the court systems in many states. Judge Russel Wheeler had described this as â€Å"a product of accretion rather than specific design, but it is a system that members of the governance and administrative Consequences of Federal Involvement in the Criminal Justice System. Federal law has overwhelmingly changed the nations criminal justice system particularly the last period of the century.  Ã‚  

The Hero in Homer’s The Odyssey, and Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis Essay

"A hero is an ordinary individual who finds the strength to persevere and endure in spite of overwhelming obstacles." -- Christopher Reeve Throughout a life time, people hear many different definitions of heroism and examples of heroes. In childhood, heroes are either fictional men with supernatural abilities and talents or protectors of reality, such as firefighters and policemen; in adolescence, heroes can be actors, athletes, artists, and teachers; in adulthood, heroes may be activists or reporters, politicians or businessmen. Bonnie Tyler, a popular singer, describes her ideal hero saying â€Å"he’s gotta be strong and he’s gotta be fast and he’s gotta be fresh from the fight† (â€Å"Holding Out for a Hero† 1984). If the definition changes with age and personal preference, what truly makes up a real- life hero? The characterization of a literary hero is somewhat easier to define. Although the definition is subject to time, place, and situation, many characters that are defined as heroes throughout history have similar traits. Dorothy Norman and Roy Pickett attempt to c learly state this definition in their books The Hero: Myth/Image/Symbol and The Theme of the Hero, respectively. By using the classic hero from Homer’s The Odyssey, Odysseus, and a character not usually defined as a hero, Marji from Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis, this paper will dissect the standards Norman and Pickett use to identify heroes and will determine whether an ancient warrior and a modern, strong-willed child both have the characteristics to be correctly defined as heroes for their time. In her book The Hero: Myth/Image/Symbol, Dorothy Norman analyzes the roles of heroes throughout ancient history and formulates a loose set of guidelines under... ...character that emits hope and displays the victories and vices of humanity. It is through this character that the audience is able to experience the heroic journey and hopefully begin a heroic journey in their own lives as they look to the examples of Odysseus, Marji, and other fictional heroes who personally affected them. Works Cited Frye, Northrop. â€Å"Fictional Modes†. The Anatomy of Criticism. Princeton, NJ; Princeton U. Print. Homer, Robert Fagles, and Bernard Knox. The Odyssey. New York: Viking, 1996. Print. Norman, Dorothy. The Hero:Myth/Image/Symbol. Cleveland, OH: World, 1969. Print. Pickett, Roy G. The Theme of the Hero. Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown, 1969. Print. Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis. New York: Pantheon, 2003. Print. Tyler, Bonnie. â€Å"Holding Out for a Hero.† 1985. Song lyrics. Web. 6 June 2015. www.lyricsmode.com, 2012. The Hero in Homer’s The Odyssey, and Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis Essay "A hero is an ordinary individual who finds the strength to persevere and endure in spite of overwhelming obstacles." -- Christopher Reeve Throughout a life time, people hear many different definitions of heroism and examples of heroes. In childhood, heroes are either fictional men with supernatural abilities and talents or protectors of reality, such as firefighters and policemen; in adolescence, heroes can be actors, athletes, artists, and teachers; in adulthood, heroes may be activists or reporters, politicians or businessmen. Bonnie Tyler, a popular singer, describes her ideal hero saying â€Å"he’s gotta be strong and he’s gotta be fast and he’s gotta be fresh from the fight† (â€Å"Holding Out for a Hero† 1984). If the definition changes with age and personal preference, what truly makes up a real- life hero? The characterization of a literary hero is somewhat easier to define. Although the definition is subject to time, place, and situation, many characters that are defined as heroes throughout history have similar traits. Dorothy Norman and Roy Pickett attempt to c learly state this definition in their books The Hero: Myth/Image/Symbol and The Theme of the Hero, respectively. By using the classic hero from Homer’s The Odyssey, Odysseus, and a character not usually defined as a hero, Marji from Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis, this paper will dissect the standards Norman and Pickett use to identify heroes and will determine whether an ancient warrior and a modern, strong-willed child both have the characteristics to be correctly defined as heroes for their time. In her book The Hero: Myth/Image/Symbol, Dorothy Norman analyzes the roles of heroes throughout ancient history and formulates a loose set of guidelines under... ...character that emits hope and displays the victories and vices of humanity. It is through this character that the audience is able to experience the heroic journey and hopefully begin a heroic journey in their own lives as they look to the examples of Odysseus, Marji, and other fictional heroes who personally affected them. Works Cited Frye, Northrop. â€Å"Fictional Modes†. The Anatomy of Criticism. Princeton, NJ; Princeton U. Print. Homer, Robert Fagles, and Bernard Knox. The Odyssey. New York: Viking, 1996. Print. Norman, Dorothy. The Hero:Myth/Image/Symbol. Cleveland, OH: World, 1969. Print. Pickett, Roy G. The Theme of the Hero. Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown, 1969. Print. Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis. New York: Pantheon, 2003. Print. Tyler, Bonnie. â€Å"Holding Out for a Hero.† 1985. Song lyrics. Web. 6 June 2015. www.lyricsmode.com, 2012.

Ethics in counselling Essay

Issue One: Breaching Confidentiality in Counseling Minors Before we move into the topic, we want to explore the issue of confidentiality in counseling. This is applicable to not just minors but also all age groups, religions, cultures and genders. Remley (1985) stated that confidentiality is an ethical standard that is a rule of practice set forth by a profession. The American Counseling Association’s (ACA) Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice require that counselors respect their clients’ right to privacy and avoid illegal and unwarranted disclosures of confidential information. The ACA code lists the exceptions to confidentiality as when disclosure is required to prevent clear and imminent danger to the client or others or when legal requirements demand that confidential information be revealed. When counseling clients who are minors or individuals who are unable to give voluntary, informed consent, parents or guardians may be included in the counseling process as appropriate. Counselors act in the best interest of clien ts and take measures to safeguard confidentiality. Confidentiality should exist for the benefit of the client be it whether the client is a minor or not. Should parents or guardians be involved in the counseling process, the counselor must act with exceedingly professional expertise when disclosing confidential information. There is an ethical responsibility to obtain the minor’s permission before releasing information. For counseling to be effective and to provide an environment in which the client feels free to share concerns, the counselor must be able to assure minor clients that personal information will be kept confidential to build trust between them. There are vacillating priorities between the rights of the child, school policy, guardians’ rights, and dictates of laws and ethical codes (Glosoff & Pate, 2002; Lawrence & Kirpius, 2000). There is a tenuous balancing act among the parents who desire autonomy in raising their children, the governmental agencies safeguarding public welfare, and the minor who deserves both privacy and protection. The ACA Code of Ethics (1995) highlights the needs for the counselor to clarify client relationships in  families to directly address any possible conflicts, and to promote flexibility in the decision to involve a guardian in the counseling process as long as confidentiality and the client’s best interests are safeguarded. Recognition of the need for a thorough understanding of ethical and legal requirements also applies to the issue of duty to warn. A counselor with a flexible orientation toward confidentiality will usually make an independent decision based on merits of each separate case that promotes the moral principle of fidelity in which the child’s trust is protected by keeping the promises inherent in confidentiality issues (Glosoff & Pate, 2002). An evaluation of what is in the child’s best interest will predominate, which underscores the moral principles of beneficence. This is seen as an ambiguous process that is influenced by the counselor’s cultural background and personal values and biases. Conversely, no guarantee of confidentiality erodes the foundation of trust in therapy, leading to increased client resistance and premature termination. In this situation, from the outset an adolescent will be reluctant to enter a counseling relationship with a professional who apparently views the referring agency, court, school, or guardian as the real client rather than the teen. An attitude of flexibility toward confidentiality offers the ability to be adaptable to various situations, but throws the counselor into the nebulous area of trying to negotiate the balance of ethical and legal dictates. A more moderate stance embraces the advice of the ACA Code of Ethics regarding clarification of counseling relationships and can draw the adolescent into the decision-making process, which strengthens therapeutic rapport. Similarly, a counselor asking the child’s permission before disclosure gives the minor a sense of control and helps diminish damage to trust when sharing informa tion is necessary. In the course of work when working with minors, I sometimes can be unclear about my ethical obligations concerning confidentiality, especially with adolescents. When they mention activities such as shoplifting, alcoholism, drug experimentation and the most tricky case of sexual habits, it becomes a difficult issue. The question of confidentiality in ethics come into question and the counselor, or myself in this case, will struggle with  building trust with the client and involving the parents in the counseling process. Let’s consider a case study. Joseph’s parents divorced when he was 5 and he has been living with his mother since. His mother used to attend therapy with him when she noticed he was very withdrawn and didn’t communicate very much since the incident. The therapy went on for a year. Now at age 16, he has been sent to his counselor after his form teacher has noticed his constant late coming to school and also looking listless and distracted during lessons. His grades have also taken a sharp dip. His close friend, Kenneth, tells the teacher that Joseph has been attending all-night parties and has started to experiment with drugs and alcohol. Joseph doesn’t say much during the counselling sessions except mentioning that he has got a girlfriend now, who is 7 years his senior, and wants to move in with her. They met at a party and got sexually involved with each other and he now feels responsible for taking care of her. He insists the relationship is built out of love and that his parents should no t hear or have a say in any of this. His counsellor has shared her concerns with Joseph and is struggling with whether she has an obligation to disclose anything to his parents. It would be helpful to consider this case from three perspectives: that of law, clinical practice and ethics. The law generally states that minors cannot consent to treatment and a parent or guardian will consent on the minor’s behalf. The parent who consents on the minor’s behalf generally has the right to know the content of the child’s treatment until the minor reaches the legal age of (usually) 18. From a clinical perspective, the situation is more complex. An important aspect of treatment is to foster an individual’s autonomy, and a great pleasure of treating adolescents is to watch as they come to enjoy their growing independence. One aspect of independence is privacy. As a child grows into adolescence and adulthood, the surrounding zone of privacy should increase, thus making room for a more defined sense of se lf and a greater sense of autonomy. A paradox thus arises: Good clinical treatment may require what the law generally refuses, that is, a zone of privacy. I feel that early in the relationship the counselor should make clear what relationship she will have to each of the parties (the minor and the parents/guardians). It should be accompanied by an explanation of how information-sharing will work, what  information will be shared, with whom and when, in a manner appropriate to the minor’s age and understanding. As the child develops and grows up, the structure of the therapy may change for clinical reasons and this will have ethical implications. The minor’s greater sense of self and enhanced capacity for autonomy may require greater respect for the child’s need for privacy. The counselor will thus need to revisit earlier discussions and explain that, for clinical reasons, the structure of the therapy should change. Such boundary renegotiation is clinically and ethically indicated. However, a coun selor cannot promise a minor that information will be kept from a parent who has legal custody. A parent with the legal right to treatment information may choose, however counterproductive in the counselor’s eyes, to exercise that right. Clinical judgement will also be able to indicate to what extent maintaining an adolescent’s privacy is central to the treatment. A counselor may conclude that an adolescent’s wish not to have information shared reflects an appropriate separation and so should be honored or he may also conclude that sharing certain information would be helpful. If so, the ethical standards from the section on â€Å"Privacy and Confidentiality† gives the counselor permission to do so. Nonetheless, regardless of whether an adolescent assents to have information disclosed to a parent, it makes both clinical and ethical sense to tell the adolescent beforehand, what information will be shared, and when. Ideally, the adolescent would be part of such conversations. There may also be times when a counselor will be mandated to disclose information. Serious threats of harm, neglect and abuse falls under mandatory reporting laws and must be disclosed in many states. Adolescents should be told that serious threats of harm to self or others will also not be kept confidential. A counselor may feel strongly that revealing information to a parent could harm the minor or be destructive to the treatment. Refusal to disclose in such a case, even in the face of a parent’s request, may be legally supportable. A counselor in this position should se ek both legal counsel and consultation from colleagues. Joseph’s therapist revisited the issue of confidentiality when Joseph expressed a wish that she not speak with his mother. A compromise was reached whereby the therapist would speak to Joseph’s mother only with Joseph present. The issue of confidentiality became more complicated when the therapist felt that certain information should be shared and Joseph  refused. The therapist should gently explore with Joseph the reasons behind this refusal. During some sessions, the therapist should be direct with Joseph about her discomfort with his behavior, especially the illegal activities, and point out the kinds of risks he was taking. Hopefully, over time, they would agree that Joseph himself would begin to speak to his mother about these issues, and that the therapist could follow up with a phone call. It is important to discuss each and every contact between the therapist and mother thoroughly with Michael, as well as to support his independent use of psychotherapy. Issue Two: Transcultural Issues in Counseling As a counselor, we will be working with clients from various cultures. In order to work effectively with culturally diverse individuals and groups, it is important to know what culture means in people’s lives and to recognise differences that might be culturally-based. The idea of culture is interesting and important, but can be very hard to define and understand. Culture is a set of meanings that provides a sort of blueprint for how we should think, feel, and behave in order to be a part of a group. It includes patterns of traditions, beliefs, values, expectations, and symbols; in fact, every aspect of who we are that isn’t biological in origin. Often people are part of more than one culture; for example, we may belong to a professional group, a religious group, and social groups each of which has its own way of speaking, dressing, and behaving. Often we don’t recognise aspects of our culture until we encounter cultural ideas or practices that are different from ours. Knowing our own culture is an important aspect of self-awareness, however, because we need to be able to recognise culturally-based differences. Some cultural differences that affect counselling relationships include communication styles, for example the way words and phrases are used, the degree of importance given to non-verbal communication, and the appropriate degree of assertiveness in communicating. Different attitudes toward conflict, for example whether conflict is positive or should be avoided, whether conflict should be resolved in face-to-face meetings. Different approaches to completing tasks, for example whether or not it is important to build a relationship with another person in order to work with him or her on completing a task. Different styles of decision-making, for  example majority rule or consensus. Different attitudes about open emotion and personal matters. Different approaches to knowing, for example through symbolic imagery and rhythm, library research, visiting people who have had similar challenges. As a counsellor, we will be working with children and families from various cultural backgrounds. One of the most important things to remember is not to assume that another person has the same values, beliefs, and practices that you do. We have to use our observation, listening, and questioning skills to learn what is important to the other person and how they see the world. We need to be open to learning about other ways of seeing and living in the world. Counselors need to be aware of their own ethnicity and how it influences their interactions with other cultural groups. Problems need to be understood within the context of the person’s ethnicity. We learn from our culture, appropriate ways of responding to illness. For example, one group of people may tend to complain about their physical problems, while another may deny having any pain and see it as a form of punishment. Attitudes towards seeking help also vary from one ethnic group to another. It is important to clearly spell out the tasks of the first session to all family members and explain in detail the client-counselor relationship. The expectations the family may have about the encounter might be based on its experience with the medical profession. The family may expect the counselor to take charge and provide advice. By being direct, active and using a structured approach, the counselor establishes rapport with the family. The ethnic group may perceive the family as the primary source of support for its members. If this is the case, the family may be experiencing shame and guilt for not being able to solve its own problems. For example, an individual may turn to the family for support and seek our outsiders for support as a last resort. In some cultures, it is not acceptable to express personal concerns with a stranger; therefore, the clients adopt the counselor into their family. There may be fears and embarrassment about not being able to speak the language of the dominant culture well enough to express difficulties. As a result the counselor may view the client as passive and resistant. Culture influences the family’s orientation toward being internally or externally controlled. An internally oriented family has the belief that their achievements, or lack of achievements, are determined by their own actions, thus shaping their destiny. On the other hand, an externally oriented family has the belief that achievements and non achievements occur independently of their actions and that the future is predicated on chance. An externally oriented family may be interpreted by an internally focused counselor as procrastinators. Another important dimension when working with the people who are from cultures different than our own is the locus of responsibility. Locus of responsibility assesses the amount of responsibility or blame given to the client or the clients system. Determining if the individual or the system is the cause of the behavior is important when making an assessment and determining interventions. In Canadian culture often the individual is seen as being responsible for his/her actions. Racial and ethnic minorities whose behaviors deviate from the middle class are labeled as deviant. Be aware of ethno cultural roles and hierarchy. If the father is considered the authority figure, make sure you address him, first showing respect for his cultural positions. In attempting to seek information from the children, it is important to acquire permission before proceeding with the interview. Inquire about issues that may be specific to a particular ethnic group. Family members are often delighted to teach counselors about the key â€Å"insults† of their cultural group. If you experience resistance, check to see if you have violated a culture norm. We need to take note when the counselor becomes overly concerned about the family’s ethnicity to the point where one loses perspective as to their reason for seeking help. A major assumption for culturally sensitive counseling is that counselors can acknowledge their own tendencies and the limit of their cultures on other people. Thus, it is essential for counselors to understand their cultures and their worldviews before helping and assisting other people. According to Padilla, Boxley, and Wagner (1973), there is increasing evidence that the trained counselor is not prepared to deal with individuals who are culturally different from them. Cultural sensitivity remains as one of the  important characteristics of effective counseling. Padilla et al’s writing also shows that one of the characteristics of an effective counselor is the ability to recognize diversity and cultural differences. It is undeniable that the need to attend multicultural diversity of clients is more obvious when counselors and clients have different cultural backgrounds. Culture is the core of internal ways in which human beings develop their sense of self, including values, beliefs, thought patterns, perceptions, and worldviews. All these qualities help determine and shape one’s external culture – the ways in which one establishes and maintains a relationship with the environment and others through implicit norms, language, traditions, rituals, and loyalties that influence attitudes, behaviors, and customs (Gushue, 1993). While it is true that Singapore is a mix of different ethnic groups, each group has retained much of its individual unique cultural character. This is because Singapore’s policy has always been geared towards multiculturalism, where every ethnic group is allowed to preserve its own culture while peacefully interacting with others. In the light of this, counselling and intervention is always presented within the cultural context and constraints inherent in our cosmopolitan society. The understanding of a clientà ¢â‚¬â„¢s unique culture is necessary in order for a counsellor to effectively help the former behave and feel differently in a trusting relationship so as to achieve their goals. Psychological judgments are never free from the influence of therapist’s own cultural values. In intervention, counsellors need to be knowledgeable of the culture of their clients because each culture holds different ideas about what constitutes problems in living. As we have grown up in a cosmopolitan environment, we are immersed in various orientations of different ethnic groups. Our awareness of our own culture only increases when we go to places where our culture is not the norm. Similarly in a counselling room, when we are with our client from a different culture, our awareness of our own culture tends to increase too. We are aware too of the diversity existing within the same culture as people may communicate and interact in a whole range of ways. Our worldviews as ethnic majority are highly correlated with cultural upbringing and life experiences. There is a tendency to take for granted that the ethnic minority has full knowledge of our culture since it is pervasive in  the society. On the other hand, some of us harbor tinted views of the ethnic minority that cause us to unwittingly impose upon them stereotypes and preconceived notions. In my opinion, sensitivity includes respect and acceptance of who they are, the way they are and the ir beliefs. People of the minority race should be treated fairly and equally. There isn’t a need to treat them with sympathy; otherwise, it would only remind them that they are being differentiated. I learned from my Indian and Malay friends at school about their feelings as minority races in Singapore and that they prefer to be seen as equals. To be more effective counsellors, we have to first examine ourselves or be aware of our personal values, beliefs, prejudices and motives for helping people. For instance, my own cultural beliefs that men should be stronger and be able to take on the world and solve their problems rationally and efficiently make me more sympathetic toward my female clients. The curiosity to explore the deeper meaning of our own cultural behavior will certainly enlighten and make us more sensitive to the differences or similarities existing in different cultural groups. A wise counsellor would always try to transcend such barriers and enter into the frame of referenc e of his client and operate from there. The clients we see include students from as young as 6 years old, elderly patients at Nursing Homes/hospital. We also have couples with marital, family and financial issues. Their age group ranges from early 20s to the 70s. They are a mix of Singaporean Chinese, Malay, Indian and some immigrants. Our clients are mainly from low to average income group with basic education. English and Mandarin are the main languages used. Dialects are used when counselling the elderly folks. Each member in the group shared both common and unique cultural issues they face in counselling. The sexism issue Annie regularly encounters involves female victims of domestic violence in Indian family whose men predominate in positions of power. Most oppressed Indian women inevitably choose not to react for fear of being ostracized by their own family and community. According to Yeo (1989), Asian derives their identity from membership in a family and a community and focusing on the individual might well alienate the person from the family. Peter and Juliet shared about the common gender issue where parents think they must stay with sons only, while conflicts with daughters-in-law are common issues too. Some parents choose to stay on their own to avoid humiliating their sons. Medical and emotional problems may result from loneliness, poor self care and diet. Jennifer related her early experience: I’ve encountered difficulties on many occasions with clients of a different race, particularly Malay clients, in dealing with issues on pregnancy crisis. My early impression was that they were either not willing to share nor receptive to explore other options and alternatives pertaining to their decision to terminate their pregnancy. The session became more fruitful only after I acquired greater understanding of the Malay culture. For Magdalene, while she is competent in conversational skills with some dialects, attempting to apply counselling techniques or skills present a real challenge. Majority of the counselling approaches are western in origin. The concepts and explanation are all in English. It is easy to miss the deeper nuances when she attempts to apply or translate them into dialect or language which she is not fully competent in. Both Magdalene and Ruth observed that it is culturally the norm of the older generation to attribute crisis to some external causes and to seek help from temple mediums. The words of the mediums will then be accepted as truth. It can be a real challenge to counsellors from a different faith. Ruth, the youngest member in our group, perceives age as a stumbling block to effective counselling when her clients are much older. In the Asian context, age is a sign of maturity and wisdom. With elderly clients, we are expected to show respect and humility, not as someone to solve their problems. Annie faced the social-economic issue when she encountered Singaporean men who resorted to increase their socio-economic status by taking wives from the poorer ASEAN countries. The wives function more as domestic helpers or care providers to the elderly/invalid parents or young nephews and nieces within the extended family. The relationship is further strained by language barrier and other cultural issues. Western Counselling Models in Singaporean Context The group is pragmatic in our counselling approach, integrating different therapy models to meet the client’s unique needs. With cross-cultural interaction comes the possibility that the client’s intentions and actions may be misperceived, misinterpreted, and misjudged notably, when we employ the western counselling models on culturally different clients. We are aware that some of these models may not even fit people from western cultures due to within-culture diversity and other diversity factors beyond culture. (Egan, 2005) The second theme that emerged was the need to understand the worldview of culturally different clients in order to know how best to integrate the western counselling models in our counselling work. Magdalene commented that the concept of individuation in Bowen Theory is culturally not in tandem with many elderly Chinese clients, who come from an environment where the family, community, or clan takes precedent over self; hence differentiation of self can be alien to them. A person’s identity is formed and continually influenced by his or her context. Working effectively with clients requires an understanding of how the individual is embedded in the family, which in turn requires an understanding of how the family is affected by its place in a pluralistic culture. (Sue, Ivey & Pedersen, 1996). Bowen Theory encourages the therapist to look into the Family of Origin to examine the interlocking relationships. This can present itself negatively as in-laws or family members may not be forthcoming when it comes to talking about sensitive and conflicting issues inflicting the family. Juliet presumed Bowen Theory will be better understood and accepted by the  English-educated clients, but she found out to her dismay that some concepts contradict their cultural beliefs. Peter found Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) to be too confrontational in style. Telling a client that he is â€Å"horriblising† and â€Å"catastrophising† his life issues when he is seeking understanding from a counsellor in his moments of anxiety is not going to be welcomed. Asians generally seek familial help when they have problems. The concept of going to a counsellor who is a stranger is already a major deviation from their social norms. Facing a challenging counsellor may pose as a humiliating experience for some. Annie’s observation: Solution-focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) focuses on what clients want to achieve through therapy rather than on the problem(s) that made them seek help. The approach does not focus on the past, but on the present and future instead. This goes down well with the clients she sees who are pragmatic and time-conscious. However, Magdalene observed that asking the miracle question to a pragmatic elderly client may pose a challenge. Some of them have mindsets that have been deeply entrenched in their being; they do not see the need to change. Similarly, to challenge the Irrational Beliefs (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) of the elderly whose sense of self has been conditioned to adopt a resigned disposition can be an uphill task. The use of `hot-seat’ fantasy technique to help clients express their feelings where there is unfinished business may not be favored by the more ‘conservative and traditional’ clients as unleashing negative emotions towards the deceased is considered a taboo. Magdalene related her encounter: Using Gestalt approach, I encouraged him to imagine that the mother was present at the moment, and for him to tell her what was on his mind. He responded, ‘she is already dead, what is there to say?’ I realized later that while he might be bad mouthing and blaming her for his current plight, it was culturally not appropriate for him to confront her. Ruth felt incompetent when she encountered elderly people who often interrupted her during conversation to correct her. Her age and lack of knowledge in dialects made it difficult for her to express herself aptly. But she found Carl Roger’s Person-Centered therapy useful when working with clients who question her abilities. Multi-cultural Competencies The challenges we face as counsellors in a multicultural environment require that we know and understand the client’s culture so as to be congruent with the frame of the world that the client is in during counselling, i.e., individuals are best understood by taking into consideration salient cultural and environmental variables. Regardless of the therapist’s orientation, it is crucial to listen to the clients and determine why they are seeking help and how best to deliver the help that is appropriate for them. (Corey, 1996) In this pluralistic and post-modern age, no one helping approach has all the answers for the clients we see due to the complexity of human beings, as expressed by Sue, Ivey and Pedersen (1996). The third theme that emerged was the need for therapists to create therapeutic strategies that are congruent with the range of values and behaviours that are characteristic of a pluralistic society. Jennifer had this to say: Without a deeper understanding of the Malay culture and religion, my counselling sessions with the Malays would certainly be unfruitful. There are family and social pressure to learn within the context of religion and culture. The Malay clients who are pregnant out of wedlock find themselves opting for abortion as the only way to avoid violating family tradition. I have to work on interventions that are congruent with the values of the clients. It is a sign of respect that counsellor refrains from deciding what behaviour should be changed. Through skilful questioning on the counsellor’s part, ethnic minority clients can be helped. The process of internalizing a new culture is an on-going undertaking. Generally the group is willing to be exposed to all kinds of clients so as to open up our own world views of the different cultures in our society. This includes interacting with people of different races at social events and festive celebrations. We recognized that with the culturally-constraint client we have to go slow during the first counselling session. The clients can be invited to teach the therapists about the significant parts of their cultural identity. We all acknowledged the importance of supervision and guidance when we are unsure and need clarification. We also will be seen as more professional if we master the basic terminologies of counselling approaches in other languages/dialects. Having an enquiring and inquisitive mind about the different cultures will help broaden our perspectives. Formal education on the multicultural aspects of counselling will help to hone our skills. We can also gain insights by reading articles and books related to multicultural counselling. There are hefty handbooks offering the theoretical background, practical knowledge, and training strategies needed to achieve multicultural competence. (Pope-Davis, Coleman, Liu, & Toporek, 2004). In addition, there are highly detailed research studies offering further insights in multicultural competence. (Darcy, Lee, & Tracey, 2004). The greater our depth and breadth of knowledge of culturally diverse groups, the more we can be effective practitioners (Corey, 2001). Conclusion In summary, the qualitative inquiry has promoted self-awareness of our own personal culture as we develop a sense of the world. Courage, openness and humility are some important elements we identified to secure trust and acceptance by our clients of different cultures. Our group will certainly strive to integrate appropriate counselling approaches to create therapeutic strategies that are congruent with the client’s range of values and behaviours, without abdicating our own deepest beliefs and values.

The Cold War And The Soviet Union - 1210 Words

The Cold War was a series of tension and events that mostly occurred between the U.S and the communistic Soviet Union. It lasted from about 1947, and ended in 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed. Although it has been called The Cold War there was never any combat between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. However, the two countries greatly struggled for power and influence during this time. Even though the Cold War was not fought directly it was fought indirectly. The Cold War was a proxy war. A war fought through different countries. Many factors contributed to the start of the Cold War, one was America’s fear was the spread of communism. This influence the American idea to wipe out communism. This led to tension between the country,†¦show more content†¦The Korean War happened in 1950-1953 about 60 years ago between WWII and Vietnam. WWII is the most important war in recent history. On June 25, 1950, more than one hundred thousand troops from the communist ruled North Korea had invaded South Korea. On July 27, 2015 marks the 61st anniversary of the National Korean War For Veterans armistice Day. Therefore lets serve those who honor us in the war. The UN called the â€Å"Violation of international peace and demanded that the Communist withdraw† (Loyd 2012). In h what was called a UN â€Å"police action,† (). Sixteen UN countries sent troops to help the South Koreans, and 41 countries sent military equipment and other supplies. But it was a forgotten war, nonetheless, because of the outcome, unlike the result of the Second World War, it produced neither a clear-cut victory nor a satisfactory political outcome, at least at the time. Based on liberation, the American objective was to bring unified peace to the Koreans was never met, and it wasn’t until the opposing sides sat down and negotiated the conflict that the war or police action had came to the end. The term may have been coined based off the idea that the Korean War was left in the shadows of WWII and Vietnam. Lacking the Major Historical substance or impact, the Korean War seems to be almost intentionally forgotten. America yet didn’t win in Korea. And we were unable to reach a clear-cut agreement to definitely conclude the conflict. Perhaps the fact that